World number one, scientists have demonstrated the enigmatic phenomenon of quantum computing that can pave the way for fault-resistant machines that are far more powerful than supercomputers.
This process, known as “magical state distillation,” was first proposed 20 years ago, but since then, its use in logical qubits has been evading scientists. It has long been considered important to produce high-quality resources known as the “magic state” needed to make the most of the possibilities of quantum computers.
The magical state is a pre-prepared quantum state, which is then consumed as a resource by the most complex quantum algorithms. Without these resources, quantum computers cannot utilize the strange laws of quantum mechanics to process information in parallel.
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Magical State Distillation, on the other hand, is a filtering process that can be used in the most complex quantum algorithms, as the highest quality magical state is “purified”.
This process has thus far not a logical qubit in error-prone physical qubits. A group of physical qubits that share the same data and are configured to detect and correct errors that frequently destroy quantum computing operations.
Magical state distillation in logical qubits was not so possible, so quantum computers using logical qubits could theoretically outperform classic machines.
Related: What is quantum superposition? And what does that mean for quantum computing?
But now, Quera scientists say that for the first time the logical qubit actually shows the distillation of magical states. They outlined their findings in a new study published in the Nature Journal on July 14th.
“Quantum Computers cannot fulfill their promise without this magical state distillation process. It’s a necessary milestone,” Quera’s chief commercial officer, Yuval Boger, told Live Science in an interview. Borger was not personally involved in the research.
Paths to fault-resistant quantum computing
Quantum Computers uses Qubits as its component and uses Quantum Logic (a set of rules and operations that govern how quantum information is processed) to execute algorithms and process data. However, the challenge is to maintain an incredibly low error rate while running extremely complex algorithms.
The problem is that physical qubits are essentially “noisy.” In other words, calculations are often destroyed by factors such as temperature changes and electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, a huge amount of research is concentrated on quantum error correction (QEC).
Reduction errors – occur at 1 million in 1 million, and 1 million in 1 million with traditional bits, but prevent confusion and PACE generates calculations. That’s where the logical qubit comes in.
“For quantum computers to be useful, you need to perform sophisticated calculations for quite some time. If the error rate is too high, this calculation quickly turns into mashed or useless data,” the research author, Quera’s Vice President of Quantum Systems, told Live Science in an interview. “The whole error correction goal is to reduce this error rate and safely do 1 million calculations.”
A logical qubit is a collection of intertwined physical qubits that share the same information and are based on the principle of redundancy. If one or more physical kits of the logical qubit fail, the calculation is not destroyed because the information is present elsewhere.
However, logical qubits are very limited, scientists said. This is because the error correction codes applied to them can only execute “Clifford Gates”, which is a basic operation in quantum circuits. These operations are the basis of quantum circuits, but are very basic and can be simulated on any supercomputer.
Only by exploiting high-quality magical states can scientists perform “non-engagement gates” and engage in true parallelism. However, generating these is highly resource intensive, expensive and has so far been unattainable with a logical qubit.
Essentially, relying on the distillation of magical states on physical Qubits alone does not lead to quantum advantages. To do this, you need to distill the magical state directly with a logical qubit.
Magic States paves the way beyond supercomputing to functionality
“The magical state allows us to expand the number and types of manipulation we can do. So, in reality, valuable quantum algorithms will require magical states,” Kantu said.
Generating magical states with physical Qubits is a mixed bag, as we have done. It has a low quality, high quality magical condition and needs to be refined. Only then can they fuel the most powerful programs and quantum algorithms.
In this study, using the Gemini Neutral-Aatom quantum computer, scientists distilled five incomplete magical states into a single clean magical state. They showed that this was performed separately with logical qubits of distance 3 and 5, scaled along with the quality of the logical qubits.
“A higher distance means that a logical qubit is better. For example, distance -2 means that an error can be detected, but not corrected. Distance 3 means that a single error can be detected and corrected. Distance -5 means that two errors can be detected and corrected. “Therefore, the larger the distance, the higher the fidelity of the chrystal bit. We compare it to distilling crude oil to jet fuel.”
As a result of the distillation process, the fidelity of the final magical state exceeded the fidelity of any input. This proved that distillation in a magical state that could withstand obstacles actually worked, scientists said. This means that quantum computers that run non-Clyford Gate using both logical qubits and high-quality magical states are currently possible.
“We’re seeing changes like they’ve been around for a few years,” Borger said. “The challenge is, can you build a quantum computer at all? Then you can detect and fix the errors? The US and Google and others have shown it.
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