Recent studies have revealed the staggering economic and environmental burden of PFAS contamination in Europe, highlighting the need for urgent action to prevent further damage.
PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), also known as “forever chemicals,” persist in the environment and in humans for decades, so early intervention is critical.
According to the report, if current PFAS pollution levels remain unchecked until 2050, the total cost to the European Union could reach an estimated €440 billion. These costs result from a combination of health impacts, environmental remediation, and damage to natural ecosystems.
Exposure to PFAS has been linked to serious health conditions, including hormonal disruption, immune system effects, and certain cancers. In addition, contaminated water, soil, and food chains require expensive treatment and remediation, and important natural processes such as pollination are also affected.
The study’s estimates are considered conservative as they focus on a limited number of regulated PFAS substances, even though there are thousands of other variants whose effects are not yet fully understood.
Jessica Roswall, Secretary of State for the Environment, Water Resilience and Competitive Economy, commented on the findings of this worrying report:
“That’s why it’s an absolute priority for me to tackle this issue and work with all relevant stakeholders. Consumers are concerned, and rightly so. This research highlights the urgent need for action.”
Cases requiring early action
One of the report’s key findings is the economic benefits of being proactive. By 2040, tackling PFAS pollution at its source could save the EU around €110 billion.
In contrast, dealing with pollution after it occurs, such as treating contaminated water, can cost more than €1 trillion.
The report notes that even after emissions cease, PFAS can persist in the environment and in humans for decades, and emphasizes the importance of early intervention to limit long-term health and environmental costs.
Who is most at risk?
Certain populations are particularly vulnerable to PFAS exposure, including newborns, children, residents living near contaminated sites, and workers who handle PFAS-containing materials.
The European Commission has expressed a commitment to protect these groups while balancing the transition to safer alternatives in industrial applications.
EU measures to combat PFAS pollution
The European Union has already implemented several measures to reduce PFAS risks. The most hazardous substances are prohibited, including PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and long-chain PFCAs.
In 2024, the EU expanded regulations on undecafluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and related substances in products ranging from consumer textiles and cosmetics to food packaging.
Further action was taken in October 2025, phasing out all PFAS in firefighting foam, one of the main sources of emissions.
Additionally, under the revised Drinking Water Directive, all EU member states are required to monitor PFAS levels in drinking water to meet new limits.
Regulation and industry initiatives
The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is currently evaluating proposals for universal PFAS restrictions and expects results by the end of 2026. The European Commission will draw up proposed restrictions based on this assessment, with the aim of comprehensive regulatory coverage.
Beyond regulation, the Chemical Industry Action Plan adopted in July 2025 outlines efforts to support the transition away from PFAS. This includes developing an EU-wide PFAS monitoring framework to share best practices, collect data and coordinate remediation efforts.
Stakeholder dialogue is also planned to foster a holistic understanding of the PFAS contamination challenge across sectors.
Call to prevent long-term PFAS damage
This study serves as a stark reminder that the economic and social costs of inaction against PFAS contamination are significant.
By addressing the sources of pollution now, Europe can reduce health risks, protect the environment and save billions of euros in future remediation costs.
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